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2 Application Layer

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Client: 发起通信的进程

Server: 等待联系的进程

Socket: 应用程序和网络之间的API (Application Programming Interface)

进程寻址:IP与port

Internet运输协议不提供的服务:定时、带宽保证。仅有:可靠数据传输、吞吐量。

1. 应用层协议

是应用的一部分。如HTTP是Web应用的一部分。

2. 运输层协议

2.1 TCP

TCP建立连接之后是全双工的。

面向连接;可靠数据传输

有Congestion Control

2.1.1 SSL

Secure Sockets Layer

SSL

2.2 UDP

无连接;不可靠数据传输

(不保证到达;可能乱序到达;无拥塞控制机制)

3. Web and HTTP

Web的应用层协议是HTTP。HTTP使用TCP作为运输协议。

Stateless Protocol: 无状态协议;HTTP服务器不保存客户的任何信息。

3.1 Connection

image-20210225094447543

4. Email

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, over TCP

Screen Shot 2021-02-25 at 12.38.34 PM

Post Office Protocol--Version3

Internet Mail Access Protocol

5. DNS

Provided by a software called Berkeley Internet Name Domain,

on UNIX machine,

over UDP with port 53.

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TLD: Top-Level Domain

Authoritative DNS servers

Recursive Query: locahost to Local DNS Servers

Iterative Query: Other queries

Resource Record of DNS (a quadruple): (Name, Value, Type, TTL)

Time to live (different meaning from ttl in ping report)

6. P2P

BitTorrent

Rarest First

DHT: Distributed Hash Table

7. Streaming Media

7.1 Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP

DASH


Last update: June 13, 2021
Authors: Co1lin (0.87%), Colin (99.13%)